@article{ref1,
title="Self-esteem development from age 14 to 30 years: A longitudinal study",
journal="Journal of personality and social psychology",
year="2011",
author="Erol, Ruth Yasemin and Orth, Ulrich",
volume="101",
number="3",
pages="607-619",
abstract="We examined the development of self-esteem in adolescence and young adulthood. Data came from the Young Adults section of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, which includes 8 assessments across a 14-year period of a national probability sample of 7,100 individuals age 14 to 30 years. Latent growth curve analyses indicated that self-esteem increases during adolescence and continues to increase more slowly in young adulthood. Women and men did not differ in their self-esteem trajectories. In adolescence, Hispanics had lower self-esteem than Blacks and Whites, but the self-esteem of Hispanics subsequently increased more strongly, so that at age 30 Blacks and Hispanics had higher self-esteem than Whites. At each age, emotionally stable, extraverted, and conscientious individuals experienced higher self-esteem than emotionally unstable, introverted, and less conscientious individuals. Moreover, at each age, high sense of mastery, low risk taking, and better health predicted higher self-esteem. Finally, the results suggest that normative increase in sense of mastery accounts for a large proportion of the normative increase in self-esteem. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved).<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0022-3514",
doi="10.1037/a0024299",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0024299"
}