@article{ref1,
title="Social Class Rank, Threat Vigilance, and Hostile Reactivity",
journal="Personality and social psychology bulletin",
year="2011",
author="Kraus, Michael W. and Horberg, E. J. and Goetz, Jennifer L. and Keltner, Dacher",
volume="37",
number="10",
pages="1376-1388",
abstract="Lower-class individuals, because of their lower rank in society, are theorized to be more vigilant to social threats relative to their high-ranking upper-class counterparts. This class-related vigilance to threat, the authors predicted, would shape the emotional content of social interactions in systematic ways. In Study 1, participants engaged in a teasing interaction with a close friend. Lower-class participants--measured in terms of social class rank in society and within the friendship--more accurately tracked the hostile emotions of their friend. As a result, lower-class individuals experienced more hostile emotion contagion relative to upper-class participants. In Study 2, lower-class participants manipulated to experience lower subjective socioeconomic rank showed more hostile reactivity to ambiguous social scenarios relative to upper-class participants and to lower-class participants experiencing elevated socioeconomic rank. The results suggest that class affects expectations, perception, and experience of hostile emotion, particularly in situations in which lower-class individuals perceive their subordinate rank.<p />",
language="",
issn="0146-1672",
doi="10.1177/0146167211410987",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167211410987"
}