@article{ref1,
title="Progress toward a voluntary oral consumption model of alcoholism",
journal="Drug and alcohol dependence",
year="1979",
author="Li, T. K. and Lumeng, L. and McBride, W. J. and Waller, M. B.",
volume="4",
number="1-2",
pages="45-60",
abstract="With the goal of obtaining a suitable animal model for voluntary oral consumption of ethanol, the investigators selectively bred lines of alcohol-preferring and alcohol-nonpreferring rats, with preference considered as a function of the concentration of ethanol ingested. Studies with these animals showed that drinking is voluntary and not contingent on caloric restriction; that they will work to obtain ethanol even when food and water are freely available, and in so doing, show psychological or behavioral tolerance; that the amount of ethanol voluntarily consumed approaches their apparent maximum capacity for ethanol elimination. This amount of ethanol was capable of altering brain neurotransmitter content, thus exerting a CNS pharmocologic effect. In addition, the rats will bar-press for intravenous administration of ethanol, and with prolonged, free-choice consumption, ethanol intake increases to as much as 12 g per kg body weight per day without producing behavioral deficits, suggesting the development of tolerance.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0376-8716",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}