@article{ref1,
title="Bystanders matter: associations between reinforcing, defending, and the frequency of bullying behavior in classrooms",
journal="Journal of clinical child and adolescent psychology",
year="2011",
author="Salmivalli, Christina and Voeten, Marinus and Poskiparta, Elisa",
volume="40",
number="5",
pages="668-676",
abstract="This study investigated whether the bystanders? behaviors (reinforcing the bully vs. defending the victim) in bullying situations are related to the frequency of bullying in a classroom. The sample consisted of 6,764 primary school children from Grades 3 to 5 (9?11 years of age), who were nested within 385 classrooms in 77 schools. The students filled out Internet-based questionnaires in their schools? computer labs. The results from multilevel models showed that defending the victim was negatively associated with the frequency of bullying in a classroom, whereas the effect of reinforcing the bully was positive and strong. The results suggest that bystander responses influence the frequency of bullying, which makes them suitable targets for antibullying interventions.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1537-4416",
doi="10.1080/15374416.2011.597090",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2011.597090"
}