@article{ref1,
title="Examination of some possible biases in double pair comparison estimates of safety belt effectiveness",
journal="Accident analysis and prevention",
year="1988",
author="Evans, Leonard",
volume="20",
number="3",
pages="215-218",
abstract="Biases in double pair comparison estimates of safety belt effectiveness due to two effects (noncoding of some surviving passengers, and driver/passenger impact during crashes) are investigated by calculating effectiveness from fatality frequencies assumed altered by the biases. Noncoding surviving right-front passengers does not affect estimates for drivers, but does overestimate slightly passenger effectiveness. Two biasing driver/passenger contact effects occur for right-side impacts--a "cushioning" effect (risk to unbelted driver is reduced by striking passenger rather than the vehicle interior) and a "missile" effect (passenger risk is increased by being struck by unrestrained driver). Cushioning and missile effects both reduce estimates; their combined effects could cause right-side impact effectiveness to be underestimated by as much as 20% (probably much less). Correcting for all effects increases the overall estimate from 42.6% to 43.2%. Thus, to the nearest percent, the result is still that if all presently unbelted drivers and right-front-seat passengers were to become wearers, fatalities to this group would decline by (43 +/- 3)%.",
language="en",
issn="0001-4575",
doi="10.1016/0001-4575(88)90005-X",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0001-4575(88)90005-X"
}