@article{ref1,
title="Airway obstruction by a child's pacifier--could flange design be safer?",
journal="European journal of pediatrics",
year="1998",
author="Simkiss, D. E. and Sheppard, I. and Pal, B. R.",
volume="157",
number="3",
pages="252-254",
abstract="The use of pacifiers (dummies or soothers) for infants is prevalent. Rare episodes of an adverse consequence must be taken seriously. We report a case of aspiration of a pacifier by a 6-month-old baby. Nine similar cases were found in the literature since 1966. The details of these cases are outlined and changes to flange design proposed ahead of a new European Union Standard document. CONCLUSION: Pacifier ventilation holes are essential, flanges should have a minimum horizontal and vertical diameter of 43 mm. Rings should be attached to the flange to facilitate removal if aspirated.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0340-6199",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}