@article{ref1,
title="A tale of novel intoxication: seven cases of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid overdose",
journal="Annals of emergency medicine",
year="1998",
author="Li, J. and Stokes, S. A. and Woeckener, A.",
volume="31",
number="6",
pages="723-728",
abstract="STUDY OBJECTIVE: We describe seven patients presenting with combination substance abuse involving gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB). METHODS: During a 3 month period, we identified consecutive patients with GHB ingestion confirmed by urine mass spectrometry presenting to a high-volume urban emergency department. RESULTS: All patients presented with acute delirium and transient but severe respiratory depression. With supportive care, including intubation and mechanical ventilation in four cases, normal mentation and respiratory function returned within 2 to 6 hours. None of these patients had documented seizures, and none of the four patients who received naloxone had a reversal response. This clinical observation supports previous experimental work in GHB-intoxicated human subjects demonstrating neither epileptiform changes on electroencephalography nor reversal with naloxone. Two findings are remarkable in this series. The first is the observation of a peculiar state of violent aggression present on stimulation of the GHB-intoxicated patient despite near or total apnea. The fact that patients fully recovered from this state may be the result of a previously demonstrated GHB hypoxia-sparing effect. The second is the observation of ECG abnormalities in several cases, including U waves in five patients. CONCLUSION: Emergency physicians should be alerted to this agent, its characteristic effects, and its potential for serious sequelae including respiratory arrest and death.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0196-0644",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}