@article{ref1,
title="Stability of normal personality traits after traumatic brain injury",
journal="Journal of head trauma rehabilitation",
year="1998",
author="Kurtz, J. E. and Putnam, S. H. and Stone, C.",
volume="13",
number="3",
pages="1-14",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that changes in personality traits are evident after traumatic brain injury (TBI) using current models of normal adult personality variation. DESIGN: Comparison of inception cohort and control group at two measurement occasions. SETTING: A large urban academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS: Retrospective personality assessments were obtained from significant others of 21 TBI patients within 30 days of injury and at 6-month follow-up and from a control group of significant others of 25 persons without neurological history twice over a 6-month interval. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Five scales-Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to Experience, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness-from the revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R), Form R, and an observer rating scale for retrospective estimates of change (REC). RESULTS: Significant score changes were found for only one of the five trait domains in the patient sample; controls showed minimal changes overall. Patients' Extraversion scores declined to average levels at 6-month follow-up, diminishing premorbid differences between patients and controls on this dimension. Subjective change estimates made by raters after follow-up reflected perceptions of increased neuroticism in patients that were inconsistent with the serial NEO PI-R data the raters provided. CONCLUSIONS: The absence of systematic changes in personality trait scores among the patients cautions against presuming that such changes account for the behavior of TBI patients.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0885-9701",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}