@article{ref1,
title="Quantitative analysis of amphetamine in femoral blood from drug-poisoning deaths compared with venous blood from impaired drivers",
journal="Bioanalysis",
year="2011",
author="Jones, Alan Wayne and Holmgren, Anita and Ahlner, Johan",
volume="3",
number="19",
pages="2195-2204",
abstract="Background: Amphetamine is a major drug of abuse worldwide. Here we compare the concentrations of this stimulant amine in femoral blood in drug fatalities with venous blood from impaired drivers. Method: Amphetamine was determined in blood by isotope-dilution GC-MS after liquid-liquid extraction. Results: Amphetamine was the only drug identified in 36 fatalities at mean (median) and highest concentrations of 2.0 mg/l (1.5 mg/l) and 14.0 mg/l. In multiple-drug deaths (n = 383), the concentrations were 0.94 mg/l (0.4 mg/l) and 13.3 mg/l. In impaired drivers with amphetamine as the only drug (n = 6138), the concentrations were 1.0 mg/l (0.8 mg/l) and 11.9 mg/l, compared with 0.78 mg/l (0.6 mg/l) and 22.3 mg/l in multidrug users (n = 8250). Conclusion: Fatal amphetamine poisonings cannot be identified on the basis of the concentration in blood alone, owing to the development of tolerance and the toxicity of co-ingested substances.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1757-6180",
doi="10.4155/bio.11.222",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.4155/bio.11.222"
}