@article{ref1,
title="Evaluating the Risk of Eye Injuries: Intraocular Pressure During High Speed Projectile Impacts",
journal="Current eye research",
year="2012",
author="Duma, Stefan M. and Bisplinghoff, Jill A. and Senge, Danielle M. and McNally, Craig and Alphonse, Vanessa D.",
volume="37",
number="1",
pages="43-49",
abstract="Purpose: To evaluate the risk of eye injuries by determining intraocular pressure during high speed projectile impacts. Methods: A pneumatic cannon was used to impact eyes with a variety of projectiles at multiple velocities. Intraocular pressure was measured with a small pressure sensor inserted through the optic nerve. A total of 36 tests were performed on 12 porcine eyes with a range of velocities between 6.2 m/s and 66.5 m/s. Projectiles selected for the test series included a 6.35 mm diameter metal ball, a 9.25 mm diameter aluminum rod, and an 11.16 mm diameter aluminum rod. Experiments were designed with velocities in the range of projectile consumer products such as toy guns. Results: A range of intraocular pressures ranged between 2017 mmHg to 26426 mmHg (39 psi-511 psi). Four of the 36 impacts resulted in globe rupture. Conclusions: Intraocular pressures dramatically above normal physiological pressure were observed for high speed projectile impacts. These pressure data provide critical insight to chronic ocular injuries and long-term complications such as glaucoma and cataracts.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0271-3683",
doi="10.3109/02713683.2011.601841",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02713683.2011.601841"
}