@article{ref1,
title="Animal model for sport-related concussion; ICP and cognitive function",
journal="Acta neurologica Scandinavica",
year="2012",
author="Bolouri, H. and Säljö, A. and Viano, David C. and Hamberger, A.",
volume="125",
number="4",
pages="241-247",
abstract="Background -  We have recently developed and characterized a rat model of mild traumatic brain injury which simulates the concussive injuries frequently encountered by players in American professional football. Objectives -  To study the effect of multiple impacts to the head on intracranial pressure, cognitive function, and exploratory behavior. Materials and Methods -  The model was employed to cause concussion. Intracranial pressure, cognitive function, and exploratory behavior were examined following the multiple impacts of a 50 or 100 g projectile at a velocity of 9.3 or 11.2 m/s to the helmet protected head. Results -  Intracranial pressure measured at 6 and 10 h, and 1, 2, 3, 5, and 7 days. It was maximally elevated 10 h after impact and returned to the control levels 7 days later. Morris Water Maze assessment, 48 h after impact, revealed impaired cognitive function. Open field testing 2-4 days and 1 and 2 weeks after impacts indicated consistently reduced spontaneous exploratory activity. Conclusion -  Multiple impacts to the head raise intracranial pressure and impair cognitive function and exploratory activity in this animal model.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0001-6314",
doi="10.1111/j.1600-0404.2011.01614.x",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.2011.01614.x"
}