@article{ref1,
title="Asphyxial death during prone restraint revisited - A report of 21 cases",
journal="American journal of forensic medicine and pathology",
year="2000",
author="O'Halloran, Rl and Frank, Jg",
volume="21",
number="1",
pages="39-52",
abstract="Determining the cause of death when a restrained person suddenly dies is a problem for death investigators. Twenty-one cases of death during prone restraint are reported as examples of the common elements and range of variation in these apparently asphyxial events. A reasonable diagnosis of restraint asphyxia can usually be made after ruling out other causes and collecting supportive participant and witness statements in a timely fashion. Common elements in this syndrome include prone restraint with pressure on the upper torso; handcuffing, leg restraint, or hogtying; acute psychosis and agitation, often stimulant drug induced; physical exertion and struggle; and obesity. Establishing a temporal association between the restraint and the sudden loss of consciousness/death is critical to making a correct determination of cause of death.<p />",
language="",
issn="0195-7910",
doi="10.1097/00000433-200003000-00007",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000433-200003000-00007"
}