@article{ref1,
title="Reliability of female genital injury detection after sexual assault",
journal="Journal of forensic nursing",
year="2011",
author="Sachs, Carolyn J. and Benson, Alexa and Schriger, David L. and Wheeler, Malinda",
volume="7",
number="4",
pages="190-194",
abstract="Objective: To establish inter-rater reliability for genital injury detection among experienced forensic sexual assault (SA) examiners. Methods: Cross-sectional observational study testing inter-rater agreement of injury assessment among eight experienced SA examiners who each viewed 2-4 digital images from 50 cases. Each case was rated by 4 examiners and included images before and after toluidine blue dye application. We calculated overall agreement and kappa (κ). Results: Examiners had perfect agreement in 60 cases; in 24 cases 3 examiners agreed; in 5 cases 2 agreed and 1 was unsure; and in 9 cases there were 2 &quot;yes&quot; and 2 &quot;no&quot; ratings or 1 &quot;yes,&quot; 1 &quot;no,&quot; and 2 &quot;unsure&quot; ratings. Overall agreement was 82% (κ, 0.57) when yes|unsure and no|unsure combinations equaled disagreement and 86% (κ, 0.66) when only yes|no dyads equaled disagreement. Neither the number of images nor any single examiner fundamentally influenced results. Highly experienced examiners tended to agree with each other (86%) slightly more often than moderate examiners agreed with each other (75%). Conclusions: Our set of experienced forensic examiners achieved moderate inter-rater agreement in assessment of the presence of female genital injury on selected digital images obtained during SA examination.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1556-3693",
doi="10.1111/j.1939-3938.2011.01117.x",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-3938.2011.01117.x"
}