@article{ref1,
title="In situ LTE exposure of the general public: Characterization and extrapolation",
journal="Bioelectromagnetics",
year="2012",
author="Joseph, Wout and Verloock, Leen and Goeminne, Francis and Vermeeren, Günter and Martens, Luc",
volume="33",
number="6",
pages="466-475",
abstract="In situ radiofrequency (RF) exposure of the different RF sources is characterized in Reading, United Kingdom, and an extrapolation method to estimate worst-case long-term evolution (LTE) exposure is proposed. All electric field levels satisfy the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) reference levels with a maximal total electric field value of 4.5 V/m. The total values are dominated by frequency modulation (FM). Exposure levels for LTE of 0.2 V/m on average and 0.5 V/m maximally are obtained. Contributions of LTE to the total exposure are limited to 0.4% on average. Exposure ratios from 0.8% (LTE) to 12.5% (FM) are obtained. An extrapolation method is proposed and validated to assess the worst-case LTE exposure. For this method, the reference signal (RS) and secondary synchronization signal (S-SYNC) are measured and extrapolated to the worst-case value using an extrapolation factor. The influence of the traffic load and output power of the base station on in situ RS and S-SYNC signals are lower than 1 dB for all power and traffic load settings, showing that these signals can be used for the extrapolation method. The maximal extrapolated field value for LTE exposure equals 1.9 V/m, which is 32 times below the ICNIRP reference levels for electric fields. Bioelectromagnetics. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0197-8462",
doi="10.1002/bem.21707",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.21707"
}