@article{ref1,
title="The association between drinking motives and alcohol-related consequences - room for biases and measurement issues?",
journal="Addiction",
year="2012",
author="Gmel, Gerhard and Labhart, Florian and Fallu, Jean-Sebastien and Kuntsche, Emmanuel",
volume="107",
number="9",
pages="1580-1589",
abstract="Aims:  To investigate whether the predominant finding of generalized positive associations between self-rated motives for drinking alcohol and negative consequences of drinking alcohol are influenced by a) using raw scores of motives that may weight inter-individual response behaviours too strongly, and b) predictor-criterion contamination by using consequence items where respondents attribute alcohol use as the cause. Design:  Cross-sectional study within the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and other Drugs (ESPAD) Setting:  School classes Participants:  Students, ages 13 to 16 (n= 5633) Measurements:  Raw, rank, and mean-variance standardized scores of the Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised (DMQ-R); four consequences: serious problems with friends, sexual intercourse regretted the next day, physical fights, and troubles with the police, each itemized with attribution (&quot;because of your alcohol use&quot;) and without. Findings:  As previously found in the literature, raw scores for all drinking motives had positive associations with negative consequences of drinking, while transformed (rank or z) scores showed a more specific pattern: external reinforcing motives (social, conformity) had negative, and internal reinforcing motives (enhancement, coping) had non-significant or positive associations with negative consequences. Attributed consequences showed stronger associations with motives than non-attributed ones. Conclusion:  Standard scoring of the Drinking Motives Questionnaire (Revised) fails to capture motives in a way that permits specific associations with different negative consequences to be identified whereas use of rank or z scores does permit this. Use of attributed consequences overestimates the association with drinking motives.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0965-2140",
doi="10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03892.x",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03892.x"
}