@article{ref1,
title="Presbyopia among normal individuals",
journal="Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology",
year="2003",
author="Spierer, Abraham and Shalev, Benjamin",
volume="241",
number="2",
pages="101-105",
abstract="BACKGROUND: To define ocular variables that might affect the need for early use of reading glasses. METHODS: A retrospective, non-randomized clinical trial was conducted at an aero-medical center. The charts of 100 healthy male pilots who suffered from presbyopia were reviewed. All subjects had undergone a complete eye examination every year for 30 years. Ocular parameters measured at the ages of 20, 30, 40, 45, and 50 years were recorded. Individuals were divided into two groups: those who needed reading glasses at the age of 45 years or earlier (group 1) and those who had needed reading glasses after 45 years of age (group 2). RESULTS: Of all the ocular variables examined each year, two differed significantly between the two groups. Refraction at age 20 was 0.1+/- 0.3 D in group 1 and 0.0 +/- 0.3 D in group 2 ( P <0.05). Amplitude of accommodation at age 20 was 9.5 +/- 1.2 D in group 1 and 9.9 +/- 1.0 D in group 2 ( P <0.05). CONCLUSION: Hyperopia and low amplitude of accommodation at the age of 20 might predispose to early development of presbyopia in normal individuals.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0721-832X",
doi="10.1007/s00417-002-0606-4",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00417-002-0606-4"
}