@article{ref1,
title="Crowd disasters: a socio-technical systems perspective",
journal="Contemporary social science",
year="2011",
author="Challenger, Rose and Clegg, Chris W.",
volume="6",
number="3",
pages="343-360",
abstract="We present a socio-technical systems framework and underlying principles to help understand a sample of crowd-related disasters. Our approach is founded on the premise that disasters result from complex systems failures, wherein a series of interdependent factors combine in such a way as to cause problems. We explore the explanatory power of our approach by analysing three incidents; Hillsborough football (soccer) stadium disaster (1989), King's Cross underground fire (1987), and Bradford City stadium fire (1985). We find a common set of fundamental, interrelated issues and consistent violations of our socio-technical design principles. We conclude by discussing how our framework, principles and socio-technical thinking more generally, may contribute to theory and practice<p />",
language="en",
issn="2158-2041",
doi="10.1080/21582041.2011.619862",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21582041.2011.619862"
}