@article{ref1,
title="The burden of osteoporosis in California, 1998",
journal="Osteoporosis international",
year="2002",
author="Max, W. and Sinnot, P. and Kao, C. and Sung, H-y and Rice, Dorothy P.",
volume="13",
number="6",
pages="493-500",
abstract="This study estimates the cost of osteoporosis in California, including health care services and the value of lives lost prematurely to the disease. Costs are estimated for diagnoses of &quot;osteoporosis&quot; and for the proportion of spine, forearm, hip and other fractures that are caused by the disease. The additional costs resulting from a secondary diagnosis of osteoporosis are also included. Osteoporosis accounted for over $2.4 billion in direct health care costs in 1998, and over $4 million in lost productivity resulting from premature death. Most of the cost results from hip fractures and other fractures. In fact, only 15% of costs are for people with a diagnosis of &quot;osteoporosis&quot; per se, and, of this group, most of the costs are associated with a secondary, not a primary diagnosis. The disease is largely a diagnosis of older white women: three-quarters of the hospitalization costs are incurred by women, 80% of those hospitalized are white, and three-quarters are over age 65 years. As would be expected, Medicare pays for most of the hospital care -- almost three-fourths of the total. Nursing home care represents the largest cost for people with osteoporosis, accounting for 59% of the money spent treating the disease.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0937-941X",
doi="10.1007/s001980200060",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001980200060"
}