@article{ref1,
title="Optimization of foam-filled bitubal structures for crashworthiness criteria",
journal="Materials and design",
year="2012",
author="Zhang, Yong and Sun, Guangyong and Li, Guangyao and Luo, Zhen and Li, Qing",
volume="38",
number="",
pages="99-109",
abstract="Thin-walled structures have been widely used as key components in automobile and aerospace industry to improve the crashworthiness and safety of vehicles while maintaining overall light-weight. This paper aims to explore the design issue of thin-walled bitubal column structures filled with aluminum foam. As a relatively new filler material, aluminum foam can increase crashworthiness without sacrificing too much weight. To optimize crashworthiness of the foam-filled bitubal square column, the Kriging meta-modeling technique is adopted herein to formulate the objective and constraint functions. The genetic algorithm (GA) and Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA II) are used to seek the optimal solutions to the single and multiobjective optimization problems, respectively. To compare with other thin-walled configurations, the design optimization is also conducted for empty bitubal column and foam-filled monotubal column. The results demonstrate that the foam-filled bitubal configuration has more room to enhance the crashworthiness and can be an efficient energy absorber.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0261-3069",
doi="10.1016/j.matdes.2012.01.028",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.01.028"
}