@article{ref1,
title="The Acid-Catalyzed Phenol-Formaldehyde Reaction: Critical Runaway Conditions and Stability Criterion",
journal="Process safety and environmental protection",
year="2004",
author="Lu, K.-t. and Luo, K.-m. and Lin, S.-h. and Su, S.-h. and Hu, K.-h.",
volume="82",
number="1",
pages="37-47",
abstract="The reaction mechanisms of phenol-formaldehyde polymerization are complicated in both acid- and base-catalyzed reaction systems. Furthermore, there is a considerable release of heat during their polymerization. As a consequence, numerous runaway situations have occurred in the past due to these industrial processes. In order to understand and characterize the runaway conditions in acid-catalyzed polymeric reaction systems, we used either oxalic acid or hydrochloric as the acid-catalyst in the phenol-formaldehyde polymerization and estimated its reaction kinetic parameters to evaluate the thermal hazard conditions. The critical temperatures and stable criteria of the runaway reaction in this exothermic polymerization were evaluated.<p />",
language="",
issn="0957-5820",
doi="10.1205/095758204322777651",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1205/095758204322777651"
}