@article{ref1,
title="Predictors of self-mutilation in patients with borderline personality disorder: A 10-year follow-up study",
journal="Journal of psychiatric research",
year="2011",
author="Zanarini, Mary C. and Laudate, Corina S. and Frankenburg, Frances R. and Reich, D. Bradford and Fitzmaurice, Garrett",
volume="45",
number="6",
pages="823-828",
abstract="BackgroundSelf-mutilation is a common and serious problem in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD). The purpose of this study was to determine the most clinically relevant baseline and time-varying predictors of self-mutilation over 10 years of prospective follow-up among patients with BPD.MethodFour semistructured interviews assessing axis I disorders, childhood adversity, adult experiences of abuse, and experiences of self-mutilation were administered at baseline to 290 patients meeting DIB-R and DSM-III-R criteria for BPD. Three of these interviews (all except for the childhood adversity interview) and two self-report measures pertaining to dysphoric affects and cognitions were administered at each of five contiguous two-year follow-up periods.ResultsEleven variables were found to be significant bivariate predictors of self-mutilation over the five follow-up periods. Six of these predictors remained significant in multivariate analyses: female gender, severity of dysphoric cognitions (mostly overvalued ideas), severity of dissociative symptoms, major depression, history of childhood sexual abuse, and sexual assaults as an adult.ConclusionsTaken together, the results of this study suggest that factors pertaining to traumatic experiences throughout the lifespan are significant risk factors for self-mutilation over time. These results also suggest that major depressive episodes and cognitive symptoms, particularly overvalued ideas and dissociation, significantly heighten the risk of self-injurious behaviors tracked for a decade.<p />",
language="",
issn="0022-3956",
doi="10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.10.015",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.10.015"
}