@article{ref1,
title="Efficient spatial interaction: attainable reductions in metropolitan average trip length",
journal="Journal of transport geography",
year="2008",
author="O'Kelly, Morton E. and Niedzielski, Michael A.",
volume="16",
number="5",
pages="313-323",
abstract="We consider the intrinsic levels of spatial interaction necessitated by current North American urban spatial structure and investigate the potential for reducing average commuting trip lengths. In this paper, we use a doubly constrained spatial interaction model to generate critical parametric values which are then used to calculate the effort needed to reduce average trip length by a fixed target for each urban area. The measure of effort is defined as the degree of difficulty to achieve commuting and fuel consumption goals, and compared across a set of 26 US cities. Since the urban structure varies spatially, it is harder for some cities than others to reach a given level of reduced energy consumption.<p />",
language="",
issn="0966-6923",
doi="10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2007.11.003",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2007.11.003"
}