@article{ref1,
title="Caffeine dependence in teenagers",
journal="Drug and alcohol dependence",
year="2002",
author="Bernstein, Gail A. and Carroll, Marilyn E. and Thuras, Paul D. and Cosgrove, Kelly P. and Roth, Megan E.",
volume="66",
number="1",
pages="1-6",
abstract="This study identifies and characterizes symptoms of caffeine dependence in adolescents. Thirty-six adolescents who consumed caffeine daily and had some features of caffeine dependence on telephone screen were scheduled for outpatient evaluation. Evaluation included the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children-IV-Youth Version (DISC-IV) and modified DISC-IV questions that assessed caffeine dependence based on DSM-IV substance dependence criteria. Of 36 subjects, 41.7% (n=15) reported tolerance to caffeine, 77.8% (n=28) described withdrawal symptoms after cessation or reduction of caffeine intake, 38.9% (n=14) reported desire or unsuccessful attempts to control use, and 16.7% (n=6) endorsed use despite knowledge of physical or psychological problems associated with caffeine. There was no significant difference in the amount of caffeine consumed daily by caffeine dependent versus non-dependent teenagers. These findings are important due to the vast number of adolescents who drink caffeinated beverages.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0376-8716",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}