@article{ref1,
title="Real-time eye, gaze, and face pose tracking for monitoring driver vigilance",
journal="Real-time imaging",
year="2002",
author="Ji, Qiang and Yang, Xiaojie",
volume="8",
number="5",
pages="357-377",
abstract="This paper describes a real-time prototype computer vision system for monitoring driver vigilance. The main components of the system consists of a remotely located video CCD camera, a specially designed hardware system for real-time image acquisition and for controlling the illuminator and the alarm system, and various computer vision algorithms for simultaneously, real-time and non-intrusively monitoring various visual bio-behaviors that typically characterize a driver's level of vigilance. The visual behaviors include eyelid movement, face orientation, and gaze movement (pupil movement). The system was tested in a simulating environment with subjects of different ethnic backgrounds, different genders, ages, with/without glasses, and under different illumination conditions, and it was found very robust, reliable and accurate.<p />",
language="",
issn="1077-2014",
doi="10.1006/rtim.2002.0279",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/rtim.2002.0279"
}