@article{ref1,
title="Stimulant side effects and inverted-U: Implications for ADHD guidelines",
journal="Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry",
year="2013",
author="Levy, Florence",
volume="47",
number="3",
pages="217-221",
abstract="Objective: To review literature relevant to a possible prediction of stimulant side effects in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), with implications for guidelines.Method: Recent literature on inverted-U effects of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), default mode processing, and motor circuits relevant to stimulant side effects is reviewed.Results: The literature on inverted-U effects in the PFC suggests that catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Met versus Val polymorphisms may predict excess dopaminergic effects, including headache and introversion in Met/Met subjects, but therapeutic effects in Val/Val subjects, while dopamine transporter polymorphisms may predict motor side effects. In particular, an understanding of 'inverted-U' effects helps to explain why some children may experience side effects while others show improvements at similar dose ranges.Conclusion: Genetic prediction of stimulant side effects should be investigated, particularly given recent controversies in relation to National Health and Medical Research Council guidelines for stimulant use. A better understanding of treatment-emergent effects will also provide a better understanding of therapeutic effects.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0004-8674",
doi="10.1177/0004867412450754",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867412450754"
}