@article{ref1,
title="Form effect in the measurement of feeling states",
journal="Social science research",
year="1982",
author="Newton, Rae R. and Prensky, David and Schuessler, Karl",
volume="11",
number="4",
pages="301-317",
abstract="This study investigates the relation between the responses given to survey items and the manner in which those items are given. Results are based on responses of a random sample of 1522 American adults to 202 items expressing social life feelings (SLFs). SLF items were selected from a domain of over 1000 such items appearing in over 100 scales used in American sociology during the last 50 years. Three different methods of administration were used: self-administration, interview, and card-sort. Each method was applied to each item about 500 times, and to each respondent approximately 67 times. The analysis consisted of comparing mean scores and missing response rates for items across methods, investigating the characteristics of items subject to form effects, investigating the possibility that form effects were spurious and might disappear after controlling on background of respondent, and investigating the presence of form effects in summary scale scores based on several or more items. Results indicate that for most items, patterns of responding and techniques of testing were statistically independent.<p />",
language="en",
issn="0049-089X",
doi="10.1016/0049-089X(82)90001-1",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0049-089X(82)90001-1"
}