@article{ref1,
title="Evidence for weapon-related traumas in medieval Japan: observations of the human crania from Seiyokan",
journal="Anthropological science",
year="2010",
author="Nagaoka, Tomohito and Uzawa, Kazuhiro and Hirata, Kazuaki",
volume="118",
number="2",
pages="129-140",
abstract="The Seiyokan site is located in Kamakura, Japan, and has yielded 91 human skeletons belonging to the 14-15th centuries AD. The purposes of this study are to examine the human crania from the archeological site at Seiyokan, to analyze the presence, distribution, and variability of their weapon-related traumas, and finally to better understand violence in medieval Japan from osteological evidence. The results demonstrate that the traumas on the crania have morphological features consistent with human-induced cut marks. The presence of cut marks on the Seiyokan crania, which strongly suggests the prevalence of violence in medieval Japan, is in accord with the historical background--that a militarily organized society was founded by force and that the rise to political power of the warrior class and the establishment of a military government resulted in continuous disturbances, armed conflicts, and violent death.<p />",
language="",
issn="0918-7960",
doi="10.1537/ase.091007",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1537/ase.091007"
}