@article{ref1,
title="Defining and measuring cyberbullying within the larger context of bullying victimization",
journal="Journal of Adolescent Health",
year="2012",
author="Ybarra, Michele L. and Boyd, Danah and Korchmaros, Josephine D. and Oppenheim, Jay Koby",
volume="51",
number="1",
pages="53-58",
abstract="PURPOSE: To inform the scientific debate about bullying, including cyberbullying, measurement. METHODS: Two split-form surveys were conducted online among 6-17-year-olds (n = 1,200 each) to inform recommendations for cyberbullying measurement. RESULTS: Measures that use the word &quot;bully&quot; result in prevalence rates similar to each other, irrespective of whether a definition is included, whereas measures not using the word &quot;bully&quot; are similar to each other, irrespective of whether a definition is included. A behavioral list of bullying experiences without either a definition or the word &quot;bully&quot; results in higher prevalence rates and likely measures experiences that are beyond the definition of &quot;bullying.&quot; Follow-up questions querying differential power, repetition, and bullying over time were used to examine misclassification. The measure using a definition but not the word &quot;bully&quot; appeared to have the highest rate of false positives and, therefore, the highest rate of misclassification. Across two studies, an average of 25% reported being bullied at least monthly in person compared with an average of 10% bullied online, 7% via telephone (cell or landline), and 8% via text messaging. CONCLUSIONS: Measures of bullying among English-speaking individuals in the United States should include the word &quot;bully&quot; when possible. The definition may be a useful tool for researchers, but results suggest that it does not necessarily yield a more rigorous measure of bullying victimization. Directly measuring aspects of bullying (i.e., differential power, repetition, over time) reduces misclassification. To prevent double counting across domains, we suggest the following distinctions: mode (e.g., online, in-person), type (e.g., verbal, relational), and environment (e.g., school, home). We conceptualize cyberbullying as bullying communicated through the online mode.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1054-139X",
doi="10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.12.031",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.12.031"
}