@article{ref1,
title="Evaluation of urban accessibility indicators based on internal and external environmental costs",
journal="Transportation research part D: transport and environment",
year="2012",
author="Vasconcelos, Ana S. and Farias, Tiago L.",
volume="17",
number="6",
pages="433-441",
abstract="This paper estimates urban accessibility considering types of transport and destinations, taking into account the internal travel time costs, and the ensuing external environmental impacts. Based on online and local surveys, an accessibility function is developed to allow for the construction of an accessibility curve for each transport mode that decreases with distance to represent decaying accessibility. An external environmental impact is associated with the accessibility indicators, taking into account the influence of the cold-start emissions that are particularly relevant for short-distance trips. The methodology is applied to neighborhoods in Lisbon, Portugal, with significant differences in their urban planning, mobility patterns, concentration of services and availability of public transportation.<p />",
language="en",
issn="1361-9209",
doi="10.1016/j.trd.2012.05.004",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2012.05.004"
}