@article{ref1,
title="Fear of failure in males: A more salient factor than fear of success in females?",
journal="Sex roles",
year="1976",
author="Levine, Robert and Reis, Harry T. and Sue, Eleanor and Turner, Gary",
volume="2",
number="4",
pages="389-398",
abstract="Sex differences in self-attributions following winning or losing in a highly competitive achievement-type situation were investigated. Subjects competed in same- or mixed-sex pairs on an anagram task which was prearranged in difficulty so that one subject would clearly defeat his/her partner. A significant sex of subject × outcome interaction emerged. Males were more likely to attribute their successes to skill and failures to luck. Females attributed both their successes and failures to a relatively equal amount of skill. This self-defensive bias in males was interpreted as indicating a greater fear of failure in males. The relatively rational and objective attributions of females did not support a female fear of success hypothesis. No significant interactions with sex of partner on this variable were found. Finally, subjects were asked to rate their opponents on a series of personality, attractiveness, and &quot;happiness&quot; dimensions. Neither males nor females were differentially evaluated as a function of winning or losing.<p />",
language="en",
issn="0360-0025",
doi="10.1007/BF00302807",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00302807"
}