@article{ref1,
title="A defining presidential moment: 9/11 and the rally effect",
journal="Political psychology",
year="2002",
author="Schubert, James N. and Stewart, Patrick A. and Curran, Margaret Ann",
volume="23",
number="3",
pages="559-583",
abstract="Public approval ratings of George W. Bush surged after the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks. This study used a quasi-experimental, within-respondents design to investigate the relative contribution of five factors to this classic rally effect: the stimulus event itself, Bush's speech that evening, media exposure, partisan support, and gender effects. Respondents were pretested on the morning of the attacks; one group was posttested immediately after the speech, another group 41 hours later. Stability of effects was examined through an additional study of Bush's 20 September 2001 speech to a joint session of Congress. The findings indicate that Bush's 11 September speech was the critical factor in this rally effect; none of the other factors contributed significantly.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0162-895X",
doi="10.1111/0162-895X.00298",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00298"
}