@article{ref1,
title="Framing, uncertainty, and hostile communications in a crisis experiment",
journal="Political psychology",
year="2002",
author="McDermott, Rose and Cowden, Jonathan and Koopman, Cheryl",
volume="23",
number="1",
pages="133-149",
abstract="During times of crisis, do cognitive processes shape leaders' procurement decisions in predictable ways? Drawing on psychological literature, we propose four factors that may have a substantial influence on how much money leaders engaged in ongoing disputes allocate to their military: (1) striving for superiority versus striving for parity in military resources; (2) uncertainty regarding the characteristics of weapons systems; (3) ambiguity regarding the overall capacities of weapons systems; and (4) the tone of messages that adversaries send to one another. The effects of these factors are investigated using a laboratory simulation that combines both experimental and quasi-experimental elements. The results indicate that striving for superiority has a significant effect on defense spending, as does the tone of an opponent's message. By way of contrast, neither uncertainty nor ambiguity exerts a statistically discernable impact on the level of defense spending.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0162-895X",
doi="10.1111/0162-895X.00274",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/0162-895X.00274"
}