@article{ref1,
title="Women's responses to battering over time an analysis of change",
journal="Journal of interpersonal violence",
year="1999",
author="Campbell, Jacquelyn C. and Soeken, Karen L.",
volume="14",
number="1",
pages="21-40",
abstract="A community volunteer sample of 98 battered women was interviewed using a combination of established instruments and in-depth questions over three points in time during a period of 3½ years. An ANOVA change analysis approach was used, dividing the women into three approximately equal groups according to abuse status. Groups 1 and 2, women who indicated a change from abuse to nonabuse status, reported significantly better health as compared to women reporting abuse at all three times. In contrast, depression decreased for all 3 groups from Time 1 to Time 2, with a significant increase at Time 3 with no effect of abuse status. Self-esteem in non-African American women had a similar trajectory. However, for African American women, the means in both self-esteem and self-care agency increased across all three times, regardless of abuse. Depression trajectories also differed between African American and non-African American women.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0886-2605",
doi="10.1177/088626099014001002",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088626099014001002"
}