@article{ref1,
title="Depressive symptoms and bone mineral density among police officers in a northeastern U.S.  city",
journal="Global journal of health science",
year="2012",
author="Charles, Luenda E. and Fekedulegn, Desta and Miller, Diane B. and Wactawski-Wende, Jean and Violanti, John M. and Andrew, Michael E. and Burchfiel, Cecil M.",
volume="4",
number="3",
pages="39-50",
abstract="Purpose:  The purpose of this study was to examine the association between depressive symptoms and bone mineral density (BMD).  Methods:  Depressive symptoms were measured using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale. BMD of total hip, femoral neck, anterio-posterior (AP) spine, wrist, and total body were measured by DXA using standardized procedures. Mean levels of BMD across gender-specific tertiles of CES-D score were obtained using ANOVA and ANCOVA.  Results:  Participants included 97 police officers (41 women; 29-64 years). Depressive symptoms were not associated with BMD at any site among men. However among women, mean BMD values decreased across increasing (worsening) tertiles of CES-D for the AP spine (low CES-D=1.22 ± 0.04; medium CES-D=1.05±0.04; high CES-D=1.03±0.04 g/cm 2 ; p=0.035) and for the whole body (low=1.26±0.03; medium=1.20±0.03; high=1.11±0.03 g/cm 2 ; p=0.018) after adjustment.  Conclusions:  Higher depressive symptoms were associated with lower BMD among female but not male officers.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1916-9736",
doi="10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p39",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v4n3p39"
}