@article{ref1,
title="Mortality associated with exposure to carbon monoxide in WHO European Member States",
journal="Indoor air",
year="2013",
author="Krzyzanowski, Michal and Heroux, Marie-Eve and Lauriou, Simon and Beaton, Maura and Alexandre, Algoet and Braubach, Matthias",
volume="23",
number="2",
pages="115-125",
abstract="BACKGROUND: In closed environments, the concentration of carbon monoxide (CO) can easily rise to health-threatening levels. CO-related incidents are often caused by poor condition or inappropriate use of indoor combustion devices as well as structure fires but are also due to suicides.   OBJECTIVES/METHODS: To evaluate the incidence of CO poisoning in Europe, national data on CO-related mortality and morbidity were compiled from Member States of the WHO European Region using a standardized data collection form.   RESULTS: National data on CO poisoning were provided by 28 Member States. Within the maximum reporting period (1980-2008), a total of 140 490 CO-related deaths were reported (annual death rate of 2.2/100 000). The number of hospital admissions available from six countries was 31 473. Unintentional CO deaths accounted for 54.7% of the CO-related deaths (35.9%: unintentional inhalation; 18.8%: related to structure fires). The intentional deaths related to CO exposure account for 38.6% of all CO-related deaths (38.1%: suicides; 0.5%: homicides).   CONCLUSIONS: CO exposure is preventable but causes a substantial amount of deaths in many European countries. More efficient measures and policies to prevent CO poisoning and better reporting of CO mortality are necessary. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0905-6947",
doi="10.1111/ina.12007",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ina.12007"
}