@article{ref1,
title="Effects of different design parameters on the stone-impact resistance of automotive windshields",
journal="Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of automobile engineering",
year="2005",
author="Sun, Xiaoduan and Khaleel, M. A.",
volume="219",
number="9",
pages="1059-1067",
abstract="A constitutive model based on continuum damage mechanics is used to study the stone-impact resistance of automotive windshields. An axisymmetric finite element model is created to simulate the transient dynamic response and impact-induced damage tensors for laminated glass layers subject to stone-impact loading. The windshield glass consists of two glass outer layers laminated by a thin poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB) layer. The constitutive behaviour of the glass layers is simulated using the continuum damage mechanics model with linear damage evolution. The PVB layer is modelled with a linear viscoelastic solid. The model is used to predict and examine damage patterns on different glass surfaces for different windshield designs including variations in ply thickness and curvatures.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0954-4070",
doi="10.1243/095440705X34784",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440705X34784"
}