@article{ref1,
title="Effects of retroreflector placement on the nighttime conspicuity of pedestrians: an open-road study",
journal="Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomic Society annual meeting",
year="2007",
author="Balk, Stacy A. and Graving, Justin S. and Chanko, Ryan G. and Tyrrell, Richard A.",
volume="51",
number="24",
pages="1565-1568",
abstract="While considerable data indicate that positioning retroreflective markings on a pedestrian's extremities can dramatically enhance nighttime conspicuity, most relevant safety devices (vests) limit coverage to the torso. We asked 120 participants to press a button whenever they recognized that a pedestrian was present during a short drive at night. A test pedestrian wearing different configurations of retroreflective markings was positioned on the left shoulder of an unilluminated two-lane roadway. Compared to an ANSI class-II vest alone, response distances were significantly greater when the vest was supplemented with ankle markings and when a full biological motion configuration was worn. Conspicuity was also greater when the pedestrian was walking and when facing the approaching test vehicle. Relative to a full eleven-element biological motion configuration, adding just two retroreflective ankle straps to a conventional safety vest is considerably more practical while still providing substantial conspicuity benefits.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="2169-5067",
doi="10.1177/154193120705102411",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120705102411"
}