@article{ref1,
title="Influence of community social norms on spousal violence: a population-based multilevel study of Nigerian women",
journal="American journal of public health",
year="2013",
author="Linos, Natalia and Slopen, Natalie and Subramanian, S. V. and Berkman, Lisa and Kawachi, Ichiro",
volume="103",
number="1",
pages="148-155",
abstract="Objectives. We examined whether social norms toward spousal violence in Nigeria, at the state level, are associated with a woman's exposure to physical and sexual violence perpetrated by her husband. Methods. Using data from the 2008 Demographic and Health Survey, we fit four 3-level random intercepts models to examine contextual factors associated with spousal violence while accounting for individual-level predictors. Results. Of the 18 798 ever-married Nigerian women in our sample, 18.7% reported exposure to spousal sexual or physical violence. The prevalence was geographically patterned by state and ranged from 3% to 50%. Permissive state-level social norms toward spousal violence were positively associated with a woman's report of physical and sexual violence perpetrated by her husband (odds ratio [OR] = 1.80; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.17, 2.77), after adjusting for individual-level characteristics. A number of individual-level variables were significantly associated with victimization, including a woman's accepting beliefs toward spousal violence (OR = 1.11; 95% CI = 1.09, 1.14). Women living in states with Sharia law were less likely to report spousal violence (OR = 0.58; 95% CI = 0.35, 0.95). Conclusions. Efforts to end violence against women, particularly spousal violence, should consider broader social and contextual determinants of violence including social norms. (Am J Public Health. Published online ahead of print November 15, 2012: e1-e8. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300829).<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0090-0036",
doi="10.2105/AJPH.2012.300829",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300829"
}