@article{ref1,
title="Time dependent changes of protein biomarker levels in the cerebrospinal fluid after blast traumatic brain injury",
journal="Electrophoresis",
year="2012",
author="Ahmed, Farid and Gyorgy, Andrea B. and Kamnaksh, Alaa and Ling, Geoffrey and Tong, Lawrence and Parks, Steve and Agoston, Denes V.",
volume="33",
number="24",
pages="3705-3711",
abstract="Time dependent changes of protein biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) can be used to identify the pathological processes in traumatic brain injury (TBI) as well as to follow the progression of the disease. We obtained CSF from a large animal model (swine) of blast-induced TBI (bTBI) prior to and at 6, 24, 72 hours, and 2 weeks after a single exposure to blast overpressure, and determined changes in the CSF levels of neurofilament-heavy chain (NF-H), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), brain-specific creatine kinase (CK-BB), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), calcium binding protein β (S100β), Claudin-5, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and von Willebrand factor (vWF) using reverse phase protein microarray (RPPM). We detected biphasic temporal patterns in the CSF concentrations of all tested protein markers except S100β. The CSF levels of all markers were significantly increased 6 hours after the injury compared to pre-injury levels. Values were then decreased at 24 hours, prior to a second increase in all markers but S100β at 72 hours. At two weeks post-injury, the CSF concentrations of all biomarkers were decreased once again; CK-BB, Claudin-5, vWF, and S100β levels were no longer significantly higher than their pre-injury values while NF-H, NSE, VEGF, and GFAP levels remained significantly elevated compared to baseline. Our findings implicate neuronal and glial cell damage, compromised vascular permeability, and inflammation in bTBI, as well as demonstrate the value of determining the temporal pattern of biomarker changes that may be of diagnostic value.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0173-0835",
doi="10.1002/elps.201200299",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elps.201200299"
}