@article{ref1,
title="Development of a multi-body human model that predicts active and passive human behaviour",
journal="Proceedings of the International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury conference",
year="2012",
author="Meijer, Riske and Van Hassel, Edwin and Broos, Jeroen and Elrofai, Hala and Van Rooij, Lex and Van Hooijdonk, Paul",
volume="40",
number="",
pages="622-636",
abstract="Active safety systems that start to act moments before the crash might be capable of anticipating the occupant's position, either by correcting it, or by taking the out-of-position into account. To develop such active safety systems, computer simulations of the occupant's pre-crash behaviour are very valuable in determining system performance. The objective of this study was to develop a run-time efficient computer human model that can simulate active as well as passive human behaviour such that it can be used to simulate the pre-crash and in-crash phase in one simulation run. The so-called active human model is a multi-body model, and is based on earlier developed human models in MADYMO and techniques for controlled active behaviour. The model's responses in a 1 g car braking, 15 g frontal, 7 g lateral and 3.6 g rear impact were compared to that of the volunteers. It was concluded that the active human model with controlled active behaviour with co-contraction of the neck muscles better predicts the behaviour of the volunteers than without co-contraction or completely passive behaviour. With the best fitting co-contraction levels and reaction times the maximum deviation from the average peak responses of the volunteers was at most 20%.<p />",
language="",
issn="2235-3151",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}