@article{ref1,
title="A winning smile? Smile intensity, physical dominance, and fighter performance",
journal="Emotion",
year="2013",
author="Kraus, Michael W. and Chen, Teh-Way David",
volume="13",
number="2",
pages="270-279",
abstract="The smile is perhaps the most widely studied facial expression of emotion, and in this article we examine its status as a sign of physical dominance. We reason, on the basis of prior research, that prior to a physical confrontation, smiles are a nonverbal sign of reduced hostility and aggression, and thereby unintentionally communicate reduced physical dominance. Two studies provide evidence in support of this prediction: Study 1 found that professional fighters who smiled more in a prefight photograph taken facing their opponent performed more poorly during the fight in relation to their less intensely smiling counterparts. In Study 2, untrained observers judged a fighter as less hostile and aggressive, and thereby less physically dominant when the fighters' facial expression was manipulated to show a smiling expression in relation to the same fighter displaying a neutral expression. Discussion focused on the reasons why smiles are associated with decreased physical dominance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved).<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1528-3542",
doi="10.1037/a0030745",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0030745"
}