@article{ref1,
title="Change in blood lead concentration up to 1 year after a gunshot wound with a retained bullet",
journal="American journal of epidemiology",
year="2004",
author="McQuirter, Joseph L. and Rothenberg, Stephen J. and Dinkins, Gracie A. and Kondrashov, Vladislav and Manalo, Mario and Todd, Andrew C.",
volume="159",
number="7",
pages="683-692",
abstract="The authors studied the time course and prevalence of elevated blood lead concentrations and associated injury- and patient-specific factors during the first year following gunshot injury. They determined blood lead levels at mean time points of 0.3, 3.1, 18.7, 94.5, 188.3, and 349.4 days after injury in a volunteer sample of 451 subjects from a Los Angeles, California, trauma center who sustained a first-time gunshot injury with a retained projectile in 2000-2002. In mixed-model analyses, blood lead levels increased with time postinjury (p < 0.0005) up to 3 months, with number of retained fragments (p < 0.0005), and with increasing age (p < 0.0005). Increased blood lead concentration as a function of fragmentation was approximately 30% higher among subjects who had suffered bone fracture in the torso (p < 0.0005). Subjects with bullets or fragments lodged near bone (p < 0.0005) or near joints (p = 0.032) had higher blood lead levels. Logistic models correctly predicted a blood lead elevation of >/=20 micro g/dl in 81% and 85% of subjects at 3 and 6 months postinjury, respectively. The prevalence of elevated blood lead was 11.8% at 3 months and 2.6% at 12 months. The authors recommend continued surveillance of blood lead levels after gunshot injury for patients with key indicators.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0002-9262",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}