@article{ref1,
title="Mortality benefit of transfer to level I versus level II trauma centers for head-injured patients",
journal="Health services research",
year="2005",
author="McConnell, Kenneth John and Newgard, Craig D. and Mullins, Richard J. and Arthur, Melanie and Hedges, Jerris R.",
volume="40",
number="2",
pages="435-457",
abstract="OBJECTIVE: To determine whether head-injured patients transferred to level I trauma centers have reduced mortality relative to transfers to level II trauma centers. DATA SOURCE/STUDY SETTING: Retrospective cohort study of 542 patients with head injury who initially presented to 1 of 31 rural trauma centers in Oregon and Washington, and were transferred from the emergency department to 1 of 15 level I or level II trauma centers, between 1991 and 1994. STUDY DESIGN: A bivariate probit, instrumental variables model was used to estimate the effect of transfer to level I versus level II trauma centers on 30-day postdischarge mortality. Independent variables included age, gender, Injury Severity Scale (ISS), other indicators of injury severity, and a dichotomous variable indicating transfer to a level I trauma center. The differential distance between the nearest level I and level II trauma centers was used as an instrument. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Patients transferred to level I trauma centers differ in unmeasured ways from patients transferred to level II trauma centers, biasing estimates based on standard statistical methods. Transfer to a level I trauma center reduced absolute mortality risk by 10.1% (95% confidence interval 0.3%, 22.2%) compared with transfer to level II trauma centers. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with severe head injuries transferred from rural trauma centers to level I centers are likely to have improved survival relative to transfer to level II centers.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0017-9124",
doi="10.1111/j.1475-6773.2005.00366.x",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6773.2005.00366.x"
}