@article{ref1,
title="Production and physiological effects of hydrogen sulfide",
journal="Antioxidants and redox signaling",
year="2014",
author="Kimura, Hideo",
volume="20",
number="5",
pages="783-793",
abstract="Significance: Hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S) has been recognized as a physiological mediator with a variety of functions. It regulates synaptic transmission, vascular tone, inflammation, transcription, and angiogenesis, protects cells from oxidative stress and ischemia-reperfusion injury, and promotes healing of ulcers. Recent Advances: In addition to cystathionine ß-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine ÿ-lyase (CSE), 3-mecaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3MST) along with cysteine aminotransferase (CAT) was recently demonstrated to produce H<sub>2</sub>S. Even in bacteria, H<sub>2</sub>S produced by these enzymes functions as a defense against antibiotics, suggesting that the cytoprotective effect of H<sub>2</sub>S is a universal defense mechanism in organisms from bacteria to mammals. Critical Issues: The functional form of H<sub>2</sub>S-undissociated H<sub>2</sub>S gas, dissociated HS- ion, or some other form of sulfur-has not been identified. Future Directions: The regulation of H<sub>2</sub>S production by 3 enzymes may lead to the identification of the physiological signals required to release H<sub>2</sub>S. The identification of the physiological functions of other forms of sulfur may also help understand the biological significance of H<sub>2</sub>S.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1523-0864",
doi="10.1089/ars.2013.5309",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ars.2013.5309"
}