@article{ref1,
title="Impact of early adolescent anxiety disorders on self-esteem development from adolescence to young adulthood",
journal="Journal of Adolescent Health",
year="2013",
author="Maldonado, Lizmarie and Huang, Yangxin and Chen, Ren and Kasen, Stephanie and Cohen, Patricia and Chen, Henian",
volume="53",
number="2",
pages="287-292",
abstract="PURPOSE: To examine the association between early adolescent anxiety disorders and self-esteem development from early adolescence through young adulthood. METHODS: Self-esteem was measured at mean ages 13, 16, and 22 for 821 participants from the Children in the Community Study, a population-based longitudinal cohort. Anxiety disorders were measured at mean age 13 years. Multilevel growth models were employed to analyze the change in self-esteem from early adolescence to young adulthood and to evaluate whether adolescent anxiety disorders predict both average and slope of self-esteem development. RESULTS: Self-esteem increased during adolescence and continued to increase in young adulthood. Girls had lower average self-esteem than boys, but this difference disappeared when examining the effect of anxiety. Adolescents with anxiety disorder had lower self-esteem, on average, compared with healthy adolescents (effect size [ES] = -.35, p < .01). Social phobia was found to have the greatest relative impact on average self-esteem (ES = -.30, p < .01), followed by overanxious disorder (ES = -.17, p < .05), and simple phobia (ES = -.17, p < .05). Obsessive compulsive-disorder (OCD) predicted a significant decline in self-esteem from adolescence to young adulthood (β = -.1, p < .05). Separation anxiety disorder was not found to have any significant impact on self-esteem development. CONCLUSIONS: All but one of the assessed adolescent anxiety disorders were related to lower self-esteem, with social phobia having the greatest impact. OCD predicted a decline in self-esteem trajectory with age. The importance of raising self-esteem in adolescents with anxiety and other mental disorders is discussed.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1054-139X",
doi="10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.02.025",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.02.025"
}