@article{ref1,
title="In the hunt for the "sultans of smack:" dope, gangsters and the construction of the Turkish deep state",
journal="Middle East journal",
year="2011",
author="Gingeras, Ryan",
volume="65",
number="3",
pages="426-441",
abstract="Abstract        Abstract:This article traces the development and evolution of the Turkish heroin trade against the backdrop of the Republic of Turkey's long transition from imperial core to nation-state. In taking up heroin's relationship to modern Turkey, I would like to specifically explore the meaning and manifestations of what many inside and outside of academia have called the &quot;deep state.&quot; Heroin, I argue, was and is one of the most vital enablers of the factional &quot;deep state&quot; rivalries that compete for power in Ankara, adding a steady violent dimension to local and national politics.<p />",
language="",
issn="0026-3141",
doi="10.1353/mej.2011.0065",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mej.2011.0065"
}