@article{ref1,
title="Alcohol-predictive cues enhance tolerance to and precipitate "craving" for alcohol in social drinkers",
journal="Journal of studies on alcohol",
year="1990",
author="McCusker, C. G. and Brown, K.",
volume="51",
number="6",
pages="494-499",
abstract="This study attempts to show that tolerance to alcohol is in large part a &quot;learned&quot; response, precipitated by contextual cues predictive of the unconditional drug effect. It also aims to show that the contextual cues integral to such &quot;environment-dependent&quot; tolerance function to increase motivational desire to drink alcohol. Male students (N = 40), drinking on average 10-20 units of alcohol per week, were randomly assigned to one of four groups. Two groups ingested 1.2ml/kg alcohol: one (AL-EXPT) with exteroceptive contextual cues typically associated with alcohol use, and the other (AL-UNEXPT) in a context not normally associated with alcohol. A third group (placebo) believed that they were drinking alcohol but, in fact, consumed a nonalcoholic beverage in the alcohol-expected context. The fourth group drank juice in the alcohol-unexpected context. As predicted, tolerance to the deleterious effects of alcohol on cognition and motor-performance, and subjective desire to consume alcohol, were influenced by the alcohol-predictive contextual cues. A physiological index (pulse rate) also tended to confirm that these cues elicited a conditioned compensatory response to alcohol. The implications of these findings for tolerance to and motivation to drink alcohol in a nonpathological population are discussed.<p /><p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0096-882X",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}