@article{ref1,
title="Changing outcome expectancies, drinking intentions, and implicit attitudes toward alcohol: A comparison of positive expectancy-related and health-related alcohol warning labels",
journal="Applied psychology: health and well-being",
year="2013",
author="Glock, Sabine and Krolak-Schwerdt, Sabine",
volume="5",
number="3",
pages="332-347",
abstract="BACKGROUND: Although alcohol consumption is a leading risk factor for major illnesses, warning labels are still not being used. Alcohol consumption is related to positive and negative outcome expectancies, which both play a crucial role. This study compared the effectiveness of warning labels that contradicted positive outcome expectancies with health-related warning labels among a college-aged German sample (N = 40). METHOD: Half of the participants received health-related warning labels while half received positive-related warning labels. Implicit attitudes were assessed before and after warning-label exposure. Explicit attitudes and outcome expectancies were assessed after exposure. Participants' usual drinking behavior was assessed before exposure to warning labels, and their drinking intentions were measured afterwards. RESULTS: Participants exposed to positive-related warning labels had marginally more negative implicit attitudes compared to their own prior attitudes. They tended to perceive lower social and higher negative outcome expectancies than the health-related warning labels group. Importantly, the positive-related warning labels group's drinking intentions tended to be lower than those of the health-related warning labels group. CONCLUSIONS: This first test of warning labels that contradict positive alcohol outcome expectancies provided promising results; thus warning labels could be considered as means to influence college-aged people.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="1758-0846",
doi="10.1111/aphw.12013",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12013"
}