@article{ref1,
title="Depression and pain: Independent and additive relationships to anger expression",
journal="Military medicine",
year="2013",
author="Taylor, Marcus K. and Larson, Gerald E. and Norman, Sonya B.",
volume="178",
number="10",
pages="1065-1070",
abstract="Anger and anger expression (ANGX) are concerns in the U.S. military population and have been linked to stress dysregulation, heart disease, and poor coping behaviors.   OBJECTIVE: We examined associations between depression, pain, and anger expression among military veterans.   METHOD: Subjects (N = 474) completed a depression scale, a measure of pain across the last 4 weeks, and an ANGX scale. A multiple regression model assessed the independent and additive relationships of depression and pain to ANGX.   RESULTS: Almost 40% of subjects met the case definition for either major or minor depression. Subjects reported low-to-moderate levels of pain (mean = 6.3 of possible 20) and somewhat frequent episodes of ANGX. As expected, depression and pain were positively associated (r = 0.42, p < 0.001) and crossover effects of antidepressant and pain medication were shown. Specifically, frequency of antidepressant medication use was inversely associated with pain symptoms (r = -0.20, p < 0.001) and frequency of pain medication use was inversely linked to depressive symptoms (r = -0.21, p < 0.001). In a multiple regression model, depression (β = 0.58, p < 0.001) and pain (β = 0.21, p < 0.05) showed independent and additive relationships to ANGX (F = 41.5, p < 0.001, R(2)adj = 0.31).   CONCLUSIONS: This study offers empirical support for depression-pain comorbidity and elucidates independent and additive contributions of depression and pain to ANGX.<p /> <p>Language: en</p>",
language="en",
issn="0026-4075",
doi="10.7205/MILMED-D-13-00253",
url="http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-13-00253"
}