@article{ref1,
title="The Effects of Trauma History, Gender, and Race on Alcohol Use and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in a College Student Sample",
journal="Addictive behaviors",
year="2003",
author="Marx, Brian P. and Sloan, Denise M.",
volume="28",
number="9",
pages="1631-1647",
abstract="The present study examined the extent to which different types of traumatic experiences interact with sex and race to effect alcohol use, posttraumatic stress symptomatology, and general psychological distress among a college student sample. Approximately 600 participants completed measures that assessed for a childhood sexual abuse (CSA) history, alcohol consumption, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and overall psychological functioning. Findings indicated that participants with a history of CSA reported greater psychological distress and posttraumatic stress symptoms compared to participants with a trauma history other than CSA and participants with no trauma history. Despite group differences in psychological distress and posttraumatic stress symptoms, no differences in alcohol use were detected across groups. Gender appeared to affect posttraumatic stress symptoms as a function of group. The implications of the results are discussed. (Abstract Adapted from Source: Addictive Behaviors, 2003. Copyright © 2003 by Elsevier Science)Victim Substance UseAlcohol Use CausesDrug Use CausesSubstance Use CausesSexual Assault EffectsSexual Assault VictimChild Abuse EffectsChild Abuse VictimChild Abuse-Substance Use LinkChild FemaleChild MaleChild Sexual Abuse EffectsChild Sexual Abuse VictimChild VictimChildhood ExperienceChildhood VictimizationAdult Substance UseAdult SurvivorAdult MaleAdult FemaleFemale VictimFemale Substance UseMale VictimMale Substance UsePost Traumatic Stress DisorderPsychological Victimization EffectsLong-Term EffectsCollege Student ResearchAdult AdjustmentAdult FunctioningVictim AdjustmentEmotional AdjustmentGender DifferencesRacial Differences02-04<p />",
language="en",
issn="0306-4603",
doi="",
url="http://dx.doi.org/"
}